Public International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Public International Law - Essay Example Jus cogens symbolizes principles of international law that are considered to be so fundamental that no nation can ignore them. In particular, where international crimes are alleged to have been committed by a former head of State, it is even more important that justice is not executed by local authorities but by the application of the principles of international law, which can ensure that justice is done through the application of impartial principles that are universally valid. In the context of the trail against Saddam Hussein for crimes against humanity, the Iraqi ruler was guilty of crimes against humanity, which by application of the principle of jus cogens would involve the fundamental application of international criminal law. According to Michael Sharf, the Saddam Hussein trial can be classed as one of the most important cases in international law because (a) the scale of atrocities was high (b) Hussein was a top ranking leader (c) interest of the international community due to the coalition led against Iraq (d) sets a legal precedent for international crimes and (e) effect of the trial and whether it was perceived as fair.

Service Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Service Marketing - Research Paper Example Commonwealth Bank has become the leading mortgage lender in Australia. Positioning strategy is a part of service marketing1. The organization has effectively gain believes and trust of the customers through their effective positioning strategy of services. The strategy and effective service process will be discussed later in the study. The literature review will give a clear idea that what is the positioning strategy and how this strategy helps organizations2. The positioning strategy only relates to the level of a particular service or a product. Major of the theories, academic studies and concepts revealed that a product or service can be positioned on the basis of its needs to satisfy, quality, specific service features and benefits to be delivered. In terms of services, market performance is computable implementing the behavioural objectives and deemed to be implementable and appropriate for banking services. Loyalty is considered as the intended behaviour that involved the depositions of users or the customers of bank in terms of intention and preference that play a key role in order to determine the market performance. It is a type of attitude that reflected in the eagerness in order to recommend the service provider to people or an actual observed behaviour in terms of repurchase. Strong positive connections between loyalty and image have been reported broadly in the area of service marketing. Moreover, it is reported that customer objectives to implement service encouraged by the advantages and benefits that they expect through the service. It is being embedded in the thoughts and believes about the service performance. People are more likely to consume or purchase a service or a product if it is perceived to have key attributes that deliver advantages and benefits3. However, several academics have found a positive relationship between the market performance and the perceived

Survey of Modern Art Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Survey of Modern Art - Research Paper Example The essay "Herbert Boeckl - Survey of Modern Art" discovers Herbert Boeckl and his art. During World War I, he began art as an autodidact while still participating in the army, which saw his career spanning to the time of reconstruction after 1945. In this period, he portrayed feminism through the way he depicted the suffering of women and children as casualties of war. He later studied in Berlin (1921-2) and Paris (1923), where he realized the classicism of Cubism which strongly distinguished his artistic strategy from both the graphic logic and consistency of Art Nouveau. On many occasions, he made trips to Paris where the art of modernity opened itself to Boeckl. He as a result of this became the chief delegate of meaningful, contemporary painting in Austria, specializing mainly with figural subjects and paintings. Following the study trip, the root for an innovative tectonic method to symbolic painting was acquired. He modified the typical classical trend with a hot impasto appro ach which comprehended the human body as a shipper of significance in terms of occurring issues, as is shown by the art in the analysis chain. In 1927, Boeckl took part in the exhibition in the Vienna Succession and achieved his first significant successes. He became a significant teacher for many prominent Austrian painters and a professor at the Academy, running the evening life-drawing classes, before becoming principal in 1945/1946 and again from 1962 to 1965. Boeckl came back to painting in 1945. ... As a result of his experience and interaction with the frescoes, he came up with a sequence of sacred frescoes in European Modern Art. This influenced him as thus the painting of the Angel Chapel of the Seckau Abbey in Styria between 1952 and 1960. Herbert Boeckl died in the mid sixties in Vienna. While still at school, Boeckl took his first steps in his artistic career, making copies of nineteenth-century landscape paintings in Klagenfurt Provincial Museum. His landscape paintings were symbolist in mood and secessionist. While serving in the army, his pictures began to show an expressive intensification, that he showcased in the exhibitions of the War Reporting agency. His portrait of Grimschitz was first exhibited at the Carinthian sculpture Association, which as well showcased the works of Egon Schiele (Batliner, 1). His work covers most if not all genres of painting such as religious paintings, portraits, nude, mythological histories, still life and landscape. He mostly used oil canvas in his artistic work. The work of Boeckl can be categorized into three distinct stages that are objectivity phase, the expressionistic illustrations and the concept of realism. Boeckl paintings and sculptures also display feminism through the gracefulness and propinquity in which he expresses the physical existence of the female body. The expressionistic pictures were Boeckl’s first works and conveyed highly expressive style of painting with thick colour. It also included impasto paint appliances. The expression period was 1918-1920 which marked the beginning of his skilled life. He adopted pastose brushstrokes to make his work wealthier in detail, thus

Simulation of Address Resolution Protocol Dissertation

Simulation of Address Resolution Protocol - Dissertation Example HTYPE (Hardware Type). This is a 16-bit field defining the type of the network on which ARP is running. Each LAN has been assigned an integer based on its type. For example, Ethernet is given the type 1. ARP can be used on any physical network. PTYPE (Protocol Type). This is a 16-bit field defining the protocol. For example, the value of this field for the IPv4 protocol is 080016. ARP can be used with any higher-level protocol. HLEN (Hardware Length). This is an 8-bit field defining the length of the physical address in bytes. For example, for Ethernet, the value is 6. PLEN (Protocol Length). This is an 8-bit field defining the length of the logical address in bytes. For example, for the IPv4 protocol, the value is 4. OPER (Operation). This is a 16-bit field defining the type of packet. Two packet types are defined: 1 for ARP request and 2 for ARP reply. SHA (Sender Hardware Address). This is a variable-length field defining the physical address of the sender. For example. For Ethernet this field is 6 bytes long and contains the MAC address of sender. SPA (Sender Protocol Address). This is a variable-length field defining the logical (for example, IP) address of the sender. For the IP protocol, this field is 4 bytes long. THA (Target Hardware Address). This is a variable-length field defining the physical address of the target. For example, for Ethernet, this field is 6 bytes long. For an ARP request message, this field is all 0s because the sender does not know the physical address of the target.... ARP can be used with any higher-level protocol. HLEN (Hardware Length). This is an 8-bit field defining the length of the physical address in bytes. For example, for Ethernet, the value is 6. PLEN (Protocol Length). This is an 8-bit field defining the length of the logical address in bytes. For example, for the IPv4 protocol, the value is 4. OPER (Operation). This is a 16-bit field defining the type of packet. Two packet types are defined: 1 for ARP request and 2 for ARP reply. SHA (Sender Hardware Address). This is a variable-length field defining the physical address of the sender. For example. For Ethernet this field is 6 bytes long and contains the MAC address of sender. SPA (Sender Protocol Address). This is a variable-length field defining the logical (for example, IP) address of the sender. For the IP protocol, this field is 4 bytes long. THA (Target Hardware Address). This is a variable-length field defining the physical address of the target. For example, for Ethernet, this field is 6 bytes long. For an ARP request message, this field is all 0s because the sender does not know the physical address of the target. TPA (Target Protocol Address). This is a variable-length field defining the logical (for example, IP) address of the target. For the IPv4 protocol, this field is 4 bytes long. Encapsulation: An ARP packet is encapsulated directly into a data link frame. For example, an ARP packet is encapsulated in an Ethernet frame. Operation: Let us see how ARP functions on a typical internet. First, the steps involved have been described, then the four cases in which a host or router needs to use ARP have been discussed. STEPS INVOLVED. These are the steps involved in an ARP process: 1. The

Quality and Service Improvements Lead to Enhanced Company Revenues and Essay

Quality and Service Improvements Lead to Enhanced Company Revenues and Higher Margins - Essay Example Do quality and service improvements related efforts add cost to the production operations, or does it cut down wastage, improve product appeal and thus generate greater revenues Disjointed quality related efforts add expenses and do not contribute extra profits to the bottom line. Where as sincere efforts with active participation of all layers of an enterprise can rejuvenate and reinvigorate the entire organization and provide commendable competitive advantage. Having said all this we need to know what exactly quality is as identification of quality would result in its improvement and thus increase revenues. Literally quality originates from the Latin word 'qualis' which can be translated as 'such as the thing really is'. Quality has various meanings and each has a depth within itself. Before starting of with how quality and service results in enhanced profits we will identify what actually quality is and how various gurus have identified quality as. Quality itself has been defined as the ongoing process of building and sustaining relationships by assessing, anticipating, and fulfilling stated and implied needs.' (Winder, Richard E. and Judd, Daniel K., 1996, organizational orienteering: Linking Deming, Covey, and Senge in an Integrated Five Dimension Quality Model). Quality is all about conformance to requirements or fitness for use which can be defined through five principal approaches: (1) Transcendent quality is an ideal, a condition of excellence. (2) Product-based quality is based on a product attribute. (3) User-based quality is fitness for use. (4) Manufacturing-based quality is conformance to requirements. (5) Value-based quality is the degree of excellence at an acceptable price. Also, quality has two major components: (1) quality of conformance-quality is defined by the absence of defects, and (2) quality of design-quality is measured by the degree of customer satisfaction with a product's characteristics and features. (http://scrc.ncsu.edu/public/d efinitions.html). Quality management enhances an organization's profits and gets them greater margins. The importance of quality can be seen by the fact that we as customers never want to associate our selves with a bad quality product. That can be with respect to: Performance Features Reliability Durability Conformance Serviceability Responsiveness Competence communication Credibility Access security Aesthetics Perceived quality This not only results in you never availing that service or product but spreading the word around to others you concerned with. This obviously affects the sales of the product or service causing problems for the organization. Goodman et al. (2000), based on a range of studies carried out by TARP (Technical Assistance Research Programs), states: Quality and service improvements can be directly and logically linked to enhanced revenue within one's own company; and secondly, higher quality allows companies to obtain higher margins. These arguments were proven by various surveys which resulted in the following conclusions which prove the relation of quality and service improvements to the revenues and profits of the organization. (Source: CMC Partnership Ltd. (1991)) - Problems decrease customer loyalty by 15 per cent to 30 per cent: - 50 per cent of individual consumers and 25 per cent of business customers who have problems never complain

Starbucks's CSR (CORPORATE SOCIAL RESONSIBILITY) Essay

Starbucks's CSR (CORPORATE SOCIAL RESONSIBILITY) - Essay Example There is so much more to Starbucks than the Seattle reputation that is often synonymous with the logo, there is a legitimate series of changes being made both domestically and internationally that improves Starbucks’ reputation and therefore gives the business more clout with stakeholders who, today, are demanding much more responsible behavior for the contemporary corporate organization. Corporate social responsibility is the method by which Starbucks engages consumers and non-business stakeholders, the branding strategy that identifies Starbucks as a significant contributor to the social condition. Regardless of whether Starbucks is actually attempting to improve its reputation or whether the charity it provides is legitimate, such efforts gives the business the appropriate competitive edge that it desires in order to compete with other, localized coffee houses that attempt to build a mom and pop shop mentality for consumers that are interested in fine coffee experiences wit h knowledgeable staff members. What, though, does Starbucks actually do in order to ensure that its quality reputation for responsible business behavior brings value to the entire business model? Primarily, Starbucks establishes the agricultural supply chain utilizing foreign coffee producers that continues to bring extended value to citizens of the United States. The United States, currently, imposes zero or limited tariffs on coffee products that are procured from foreign nations in order to ensure that the American population maintains the volume desired for their consuming needs. This has many advantages for foreign coffee producers, as the product cannot be procured domestically due to climate and, thus, Starbucks is able to exploit opportunities for cheap importation. By giving more buying power to the producers along the supply chain, and then effectively utilizing promotion to, essentially, deceive the regulatory forces that attempt to drive compliance, they are able to buil d a positive brand reputation and negate the attitudes and regulatory powers of many domestic government entities. Giving buyers more power along the supply chain has considerable advantages to the Starbucks company, as they can control pricing and make the individuals working on foreign soils believe they are being done a favor by being expertly exploited for their resources, trust, and willingness to role model these corporate behaviors. Though much of this is simply subjective, there is evidence that such exploitations are known and applauded by the internal governance systems at Starbucks. The business makes considerable loans and grants to foreign coffee growers, which makes it favorable to delay sales of product until the pricing on the market for commodities is complimentary (Starbucks 26). Total commitment in loan guarantees for Starbucks exceeds $6 million, thus giving farmers and Starbucks the competitive advantages required to sustain a positive image in corporate social responsibility. Furthermore, Starbucks, having established that much of its competitive advantage comes from maintaining a positive CSR image, has established a supplier network code of conduct which ensures that product suppliers are keeping up with the corporate image that is so necessary for Starbucks to maintain its position in the market. The code of conduct ensures that Starbucks maintains some level of control over the procurement process and

The theory of wound care fro Podiatry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The theory of wound care fro Podiatry - Essay Example They may be chronic or acute, and open or closed. The patient presented with a full thickness ulcer measuring 8 mms in diameter of approximately 6 months duration and the tissues around the ulcer are acutely inflamed. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis may develop leg and foot ulcers of varied aetiologies, including venous disease, infection and inflammation. The foot ulcers in rheumatoid arthritis patients may involve several of these aetiological factors and are often difficult to heal (Sunita). Both the ulcers and the treatments are often painful, and these ulcers may be present for years. Chronic wounds plague more than 10 million people in the world today. But even more troubling is the fact that these wounds may persist for months and even years without any healing or sign of improvement (Morgan 25). The problem is usually, if not always, not the wound itself; and therefore treating the wound will not, in chronic cases, resolve the issue. Chronic wounds have underlying causes t hat must be addressed in order for the wound to heal properly. Because normal skin and wound care is not enough to heal these wounds they usually remain for extended periods of time. As a rule, only 50% of leg ulcers heal within 4 months of appearing, 20% remain open at 2 years and 8% remain open at 5 years (World Wide Wounds). So we see that to effectively treat a chronic wound you must treat the cause and not simply treat the symptom. There are several factors that affect wound healing. These include the age of the patient, hydration status, presence of infection, presence of underlying conditions, medications, obesity, oxygenation and tissue perfusion, personal hygiene and nutrition (Bowler 499). In the case of Mrs. Freeman, these factors can be very well correlated. The physiological changes that occur with ageing place older patients at higher risk of poor wound healing. The age of the patient places her in a relative state of immune deficiency. The immune system also declines with age making older patients more susceptible to infection. Older people can also present with other chronic diseases, which affect their circulation and oxygenation to the wound bed. Dehydration leads to an electrolyte imbalance and impaired cellular function. The presence of infection can significantly alter the rate of wound healing. Infection has been defined as the deposition and multiplication of organisms in tissue with an associ ated host reaction (Dealy 56). In the given case, infection is rather evident in the patient's ulcer. The presence of unhealthy granulation, thick, bloody, and malodorous exudates indicate the presence of infection. Wound infection is a problem because, at the most fundamental level, infection stops a wound from healing by prolonging the inflammatory phase, disrupting the normal clotting mechanisms and promoting disordered leukocyte function and ultimately preventing the development of new blood vessels and formation of granulation tissue. Chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus can delay the process of healing. The patient has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis of 10 years duration and this has markedly affected wound healing in her case. She also has secondary hypertension and iron deficiency anemia. The presence of chronic diseases weakens the immune system, dampening its ability to counteract the pathogens attacking the